Method and apparatus for weaving textile fabrics



E. INGHAM. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR WEAVING TEXTILE FABRICS.

APPLICAYION HLED OCT. 7. 191T.

Patented Jan. 20, 1920.

" 4; avwentoz Why/1am 4507442 E. INGHAM. METHOD AND AP PARATUS FOR WEAVING TEXTILE FABRICS. 1,328,794.

APPLICATION FILED OCT. I7. 19]?- Patented Jan. 20, 1920.

E. men/um. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR WEMHNG TEXTILE FABRICS.

APPLICATION FILED OCT .1? 91- 1,328,794. Patented Jan. 20, 1920.

5. INGHAM. METHOD AND APPARATUSFOR 'WEAVING TEXHLE FABRICS.

APPLICATION HLED OCT. H IQIT- Patented Jan. 20, 1920.

4 SBEETS SHEEY 4 EMANUEL INGHAM, OF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR WEAVING TEXTILE FABRICS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Jan. 20, 1920.

Application flied October 17, 1817. Serial No. 197,128.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I EMANUEL Insu in, a subject of the King of Great Britam and resident of San Diego, county of San Diego, State of California, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Methods and A paratus for Weaving Textile Fabrics, of which the following is a speclfication.

This invention relates to weaving, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for weaving textile fabrics, especially curved fabrics.

In its broader aspects, the improved method of Weaving comprehended in the present invention is applicable to the productionof fabrics of any shape or material, but more specifically the invention contemplates the production of fabrics C-shaped in cross-section, suitable for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tire casings. Such fabric can be employed either as a textile foundation, embedded in rubber, to form the casing itself, or as a lining, or as a protective or anti-slipping covering for tires.

Among the objects of the invention are, to provide novel means for weaving without the use of a shuttle, such means comprising instead a needle of special design for laying the weft, whereby the simplicity and speed of the loom is greatly increased, especially for coarse work; and to provide means for producing indefinite lengths of woven fabric, curved in cross-section and also curved lo-n itudinally,"such fabric, as it comes from the loom, conforming to the shape of a tire, thus obviating the necessity for pressing or moldin the fabric, as has been the usual custom heretofore. So far as I am aware,I am the first to propose the weaving of a fabric of double curvature, as described.

In order that the various features of the invention may be readily understood, reference is had to the accompan in drawings, forming part of this speci cation, and in which,

Figure 1 is a side elevation of a weaving machine or loom constructed in accordance with the invention;

Fig. 2 is a'fragmentary vertical section through the needle and associated partsg Fig. 3 is a front elevation of an enlarged Scale of the improved heddle which I emp eri 1g. 4 1s a vertical section on the 1111s 4-4 of Fig. 3; i

Fig. 5 is a detail erspective view of one section of the hed le and the operating means therefor;

Fig. 6 is a vertical section through the machine substantially on the line 6-6 of Fig. 1, looking in the direction of the arrows; 1

Fig. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary rear elevation of the warp supporting frame and weft engaging hooks or detents, the fabric being shown in section;

Fig. 8 is a similar view on a smaller scale showing the operating mechanism for the hooks;

Fig. 9 is a schematic view on a small scale illustrating the relation of the needle to the warp threads;

Figs. 10 and 11 are front and rear elevations respectively of the needle, on an en lar ed scale;

I ig. 12 is an edge view of the needle partly section on the line 1212 of Fig. 11; and Fig. 13 is a perspective view of the needle. Heretofore, so far as I am aware, in all the various attempts which have been made to produce woven textile fabrics, circular or C-shaped in cross section, a shuttle of one form or another has always been employed. The roblem of replenishing the shuttle with t read has always been and still is a very vexing one and numerous inventions have been devised to facilitate this operation. The inherent defects of a shuttle in this respect become particularly marked when coarse or heavy thread is used for the weft, for in such cases it is possible to Wind but a comparatively small amount of thread on the bobbin carried by the shuttle.

Probably the most striking departure from former practice which characterizes the present invention is that in producing such fabrics I propose to eliminate the shut tle entirely and to lay the weft thread in the shed of the war by means of a specially constructed oscilllitin'g curved needle. By this means the weft thread can be carried upon a large fixed reel located at any desired point, and the thread led from such reel to the needle by which it is laid back and forth around a form across the warp.

I also believe it to be broadly new with me to weave a textile fabriccurved or U-shaped in cross section and also curved longitudinall as it comes from the loom. In producmgsuch a fabric the warp threads are supported around a curved frame and a special heddle mechanism havin radially disposed wires is provided for pro ucing the e With the above preliminary remarks I will now proceed to describe the construction of a machine in which the above dprinciples are embodied. Referringto the rawings in detail, 1 designates a suitable base on which are an ported frame members 2 and 3. A main-sha t 4 is journaled in the lower art of such frame members and carries at 1 s outer end a belt pulley 5 by means of which the machine is driven. On the shaft 4 are also rigidly secured a pair of mutilated beveled gears 6 and 7 each having teeth ex-' tending substantially half way around the same, as shown. These beveled gears are adapted to mesh with a beveled pinion 8, secured to a short vertical shaft ournaled in the frame 2 and carrying at its upper end a second beveled pinion 9. This is adapted to mesh with a beveled ear 10 mounted on the end of a horizontal s aft 11. This shaft 11 at its forward end is journaled in a bearing 12 supported at the center of a circular frame 13 supported on a suitable pedestal and secured to the frame member 3. A sleeve 14 surrounds the shaft 12, throughout the greater part of its length and carries at its forward end a spider 15 havin four or more thin radial arms of a lengti substantially e ual to the radius of the needle hereina ter described, and adapted to engage the rear edge of such needle. v

War threads are supplied from a series of ree s 16, suitably supported, and such threads, designated by 18, are led first through a pair of holes in a tension ring 17 and thence through a suitable spreader 19 to the heddle mechanism. Such heddle mechanism, whichforms one of the principal features of the invention, is illustrated in detail in Figs. 3, 4 and 5. Referring to these figures, it will.be seen that the mecha nism com rises a ci cular frame or ring 21 having ho es thro which freely slide the outer ends of radially disposed heddle rods or wires 22. For the purpose of illustration, only a comparatively few of such wires are shown, but it will be understood that in practice any desired number ma be employed so as to suppcrt the warp tlireads as close together as maybe necessary, to produce a abric of the requisite density. As clearly shown in Figs. 4 and 5, the heddle rods 22 are arranged in two sets or series disposed in different planes. The rods have eyes 23 to receive the threads and are firmly set at their inner ends into segment-shaped blocks 24 It will be seen that these'blo'oks are arranged in pairs and are ivoted at 25 to double crank arms 26. The locks of one series are secured to the front of such crank arms, while the blocks of theother series are secured to the rear thereof. ,The crank arms after descri ed.

26 are secured to shafts 27 and the blocks 24 are provided'with recesses 24' to fit around such shafts when the crank arms are in the position shown in the drawings. It will be understood that it is necessary to provide only the rear series of blocks 24 with the curv d recess 24 to fit around the shaft 27, but for practical manufacturin reasons both sets of blocks are, made ali eso that they are interchangeable. The recesses 24 in the-front series of blocks are, however, without function. A suitable number ofi such shafts 27 are rovided and are disposed in the arc of a circle and 'ournaled in a fixed bracket 29 having a estal 30 supported upon the frame mem er 3. The shafts 27" extend through such bracket and each has secured to its rear end a pinion 28, as clearly shown in Fig. 5. These pintons are adapt ed to mesh with a relatively large internal ear 31, having a flange embracin the Eracket 29'and rotatable thereon. o the rear side of the ar 31 is secured a plate 32 having a depen ing arm 34 by means of which the ar 31 is operated, as herein It will be understood that the entire heddle mechanism fits loosely over the sleeve 14, a suitable opening in the bracket 29 and plate 32, as indicated at 33 being provided for this purpose.

The lower end of the depending arm 34 carries a cross pin 35. The forward end of this pin is adapted to be engaged by a lever 36 pivoted to the pedestal 30 at 37 and the rear end of the pin 35 is adapted to be engaged' by an arm 38 secured to a gear wheel 39 journaled on a stud 40 supported by the frame member 3. This ear wheel also car ries a pin 41 at a point diametrically opposite to the arm 38, such pin bein adapted to engage the lower end of lever 36 so as to rock the same on its ivot. It will thus be seen that as the whee 39 revolves, the arm 34 and with it the plate a2 aid-the ear 31,, will be first oscillated in one direc ion by means of the arm 38 and then, after the wheel 39 has made a half revolution, oscillated in the other direction by means of the pin 41 striking the lever36. As the internal gear 31 is thus oscillated the pinions 28 will e simultaneously rotated first in one direction and then inthe other, the extent of oscillation ofthe gear 31 beingsuch as to turn the imons '28 and the attached crank arms 26 t rough 180. As a result of such rotation of the pinion's and arms26, it will be seen that the front series of segmental blocks 24 is first moved radially outward, while the blocks of the rearserics are moved radially inward, as shown inthe drawing,

and'then, at the end of the next oscillation,"

the front series of blocks are. moved radially inward and'the rear series moifdradlally outward. The war threads being led M nately through he dle wires supportedby the front and rear series of blocks respectively, it is obvious that the alternate radial movement of the blocks and heddle rods, as described, will result in the formation of a curved or circular shed. This is indicated in Figs. 1 and E2.

The wheel 39 meshes with and is driven by a pinion 42 secured to the shaft 4.

The sleeve 11 carries a pin 43 which is engaged by the slotted end 44 of a lever 45 pivoted at 46 to the frame member 2 a'id carryin at its other end a roller 47. This roller 4 is arranged to engage the edge of a cam wheel 48 rlgidly secured to the shaft 4 and provided with a pair of bevel ended notches 49. As the wheel revolves the roller 47 is caused to drop into and ride out of these notches, being urged toward the cam wheel by means of a bow spring 50 secured to the stud 40 by means of a bolt 51. The free end of the spring 50 bears against the lower. end of the lever 45, as clearly shown in Fig. 1. It will be therefore seen that each time the roller 47 drops into a notch -19 the sleeve 11 will be shifted quickly to the left, thus bringing the spider 15 sharply against the rear side of the needle 52 now to be described.

In order to avoid the use of a shuttle, as mentioned in the first part of this specification. I employ the novel needle device shown in detail in Figs. 9 to 13. Although such needle may be very slightly eccentric or spiral, it is shown in the drawings as circular and mounted upon a substantially true center. The needle, which designated in its entirety by the reference character 52, consists of a flat annular member secured to a hub and supported by means of a single spoke or arm which is attached to the needle body at its heel 56. The hub 53 is provided with an axial keyway 54, by means of which it is suitably keyed to the shaft 11 but is free to move longitudinally thereon. The needle has a free end or point 57 which is preferably Wedge shaped or sharpened. as shown, so as to facilitate its entering the shed of the warp, and between such point and the rounded heel 56 is a gap or slot 58 through which the warp threads pass. As shown in Fig. 12, the body of the needle is itself preferably wedge-shaped inrross-section. the front edge 52 being relatively thin and the rear edge 32" being thicker. It will be understood that the width of the needle may be made great as desired, this being determined by the strength and rigidity which it is necessary for the needle to have. .\t the forward edge ad Jacent the polnt 57, the needle is provided with a slight extension or ro'ection. 59 throlwh which extends the i h thread delivery eye 60. This eye extends transversely of the needle to a pomt near lts center Where it" merges into a groove and joins a circumferential groove 61 extending around the periphery of the needle body. Adjacent the heel an opening 62 extends from the groove 61 through the body of the needle to the inside thereof and the hub .33 is also provided with a thread guiding eye 63. The weft thread 64 which is supplied from a fixed reel 65 located at any desired point, is led throu h the eye 63, through the opening 62, and t ence follows the groove "31 around the circumference of the needle to the eye 60 and is delivered from such eye at approximately the most forward point of the projection 59.

As clearly shown in Fig. 2,,the needle 52 is of such size as to just snu ly fit over the circular frame 13 around wiich the warp threads are supported and the needle is adapted to enter the shed of the warp, as illustrated in this figure and in Fig. 9.

In. order to properly catch and hold the weft threads at the edges of the fabric I provide the mechanism illustrated in detail in Figs. 7 and 8. Referring to these figures, 66. designates a cam secured to the shaft 1 at its forward end and on this cam rides a roller 67 carried at the lower end of a plunger 68 around which is disposed a helical spring 69. The upper end of the plunger 68 is pivotally connected to a pair of toggle levers 70, each of which is pivoted at its free end at 71 to a hook or detent 7:2 pivoted at '73 to the frame 13. These hooks or detents 72 are adapted to engage the loops 74 formed in the weft threads at the edges of the fabric, as shown in Fig. 7 and when moved to the position shown in dotted lines in Fig. 7, to release or cast off such loops. The cam 66 is so shaped that the movement of the detents 72 relative to the needle will be properly timed.

A spring 75 is interposed between the hub 53 of the needle and the bearing 12 (see Fig. 2) so as to return the needle to its normal position after it has been forced forward by the spider 15.

In order to sustain the fabric and hold it in shape as it leaves the needle and curved frame 13, I provide an arc-shaped shield or support 77, preferably formed of thin sheet metal and secured at its rear end to the frame 13. said frame having formed integral therewith a forwardly extending bracket 76 adapted to support such shield. Within the shield 77 and adapted to more freely relative to the same is disposed a form 78 similar in shape to the tire for which the fabric is intended. This form 79 is supported on one or more spokes 79 secured to a suitable hub and loosely journaled on a shaft 80. The spokes 7 also carry an arc-shaped segmelit 81 on which lies a strap 82 caruving at its free end a weight 83 which serves to excl-t the proper tension on the fabric and warp threads, as

7 complete oscil will be obvious. Also mounted on the shaft is a ratchet wheel 89 and a circular rack 91, rigidly united- On the shaft 4 is mounted a cam adapted to engage a lever 86 pivoted at 87 to the frame member 3 and carryin at its free end a pivoted pawl 88 adapts to engage the ratchet wheel 89. A fixed pivoted pawl 90 also engages Such ratchet wheel to prevent the backward rotation thereof.

A latch 92 carried by one of the spokes 79 is arranged to engage the rack 91 and such latch may be operated by means of a handle 94 and link 93, said link being surrounded by a helical spring 95 which serves to keep the latch in engagement. It will be understood that as the shaft 4: rotates the pawl 88 is reciprocated, thus giving a forward stepby-step movement to the form 7 8, such movement being in the direction in which the weight 83 tends to urge the form. After the form has moved to the desired extent it may be set back toward the position shown in Fig. 1 by means of the latch 92. Thus while the ratchet wheel 89 and rack 91 revolve continuously in one direction, the form 78 may be released from and locked to such wheels as desired, in order to secure a proper take-up of the material, The form 78 is provided near its inner side with a series of pins or hooks 84 adapted to engage the loops formed in the edge of the fabric and it will be understood that as the form moves to the left and downwardly, as seen in Fig. 1, the fabric slips along over the surface of the shield 77. The chief function of the shield is to support the fabric and bridge the gap between the circular frame 13 and the end of the form 78 when the latter is in its lower positions.

A brief description of the operation of the machine as a whole will now be given. As the shaft 4 revolves, an alternating rotary motion is given to the shaft 11 and the needie 52 which is keyed thereto. The warp threads having been led through the heddle mechanism above described are secured to the form 78 b any suitable means, such threads prcfera 1y passing through an opening in a die plate 20 which surrounds the circular frame 13. As the needle oscillates, it will enter the shed, as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 5). part of the warp remaining on the outside of the needle and art passing to the inside of the needle. The weft thread is thus laid by the needle in the shed of the warp, such thread being delivered from the eye 60 at the oint 59. At the end of each ation of the needle the weft thread is engaged by the hook or detent 72 and on the return stroke a loop of weft thread is formed around such detent, as shown in Fig. 7. It is obvious that it is necessary for the needle to make a complete oscillation in one direction and return to its starting point so as to be completely withdrawn from the shed before the shed changes, and therefore it is apparent that two weft threads will be laid side by side in each shed of the warp. It will also be clear that at one edge of the fabric the weft is looped around the warp thread, thus forming a true selvage, while at the other ed c a series of loops is formed, as shown in ig. 7. It will also be understood that while both of the detents 72 move together, only one is operative at any one time, the weft threads being caught first by the hook on one side and then by the hook on the other side, as the needle-oscillates back and forth. The fact that the warp threads 18 are held under tension by the mechanism above described,

enables such threads to strip the loops 74 from the detents, as such detents are moved outwardly.

After each oscillation of the needle and therefore after the laying of every pair of weft threads. the spider 15. through the mechanism above described, gives the needle a sharp blow. thus driving it to theleft and beating up the weft tightly into the fell of the fabric. After each such movement the spring 75 returns the needle to normal position.

It will be observed that the frame 13 and needle 52 are disposed at the same distance from the axis 80 as is the form 78, and lie in a plane substantially radial to such axis, and perpendicular to the median line of said form. The weft threads are therefore laid in true radial planes. and as they extend entirely across or around the fabric from one edge to the other, they will necessarily be crowded more closely together at the inside or heels of the tire fabric than at the tread portion thereof. This results in a strong tendency for the woven fabric to retain its curved shape after it leaves the form 78 and when my improved fabric is woven inindefinite lengths, it will curl itself into a spiral or helix. When using the fabric in tire manufacture a suitable length will be cut off and the ends spliced together to form a complete annulus.

\Vhat I claim is:

1. In a loom, the combination with a curved form, and means for su porting warp t' ads therearound. of a rigit annular needle constructed to lay weft threads around such form across the warp and disposed in a plane eiitending transversely of such warp.

2. In a loom, the combination with means for supporting warp threads so as to conform to the arc of a circle, of a similarly shaped rigid annular needle mounted wit its center on the axis of such circular warp, and adapted to lay weft thread across the same.

3. In a loom, the combination with means having a point a for supporting warp threads and for forming a substantially cylindrical shed, of a curved oscillatory needle adapted to enter such cylindrical shed and lay weft thread therein, said needle being mounted with its center on the axis of said cylindrical shed.

4. In a loom, the combination with means for supporting warp threads so as to define a curved surface, of means for forming a shed, and an annular oscillatory needle adapted to lay weft thread in such shed. said needle lying in a plane extending transversely of the warp threads and having a gap through which such threads pass.

5. In a loom, the combination with means for supporting Warp threads so as to form a curved surface, of means for producing a shed in such warp, and an annular needle lying in a plane transverse to said warp threads adapted to enter said shed and lay weft thread therein, said needle having a gap through which the Warp threads pass, and a point having a weft thread delivery eye ad acent said gap.

6. In a loom, the combination with means for supporting warp threads so as to form a curved surface, of means for producing a shed in such war and an annular needle d apted to enter said shed and carry the weft thread thercthrough, said needle being disposed in a plane transverse to said warp threads and having a gap through which such warp threads pass.

7. In a loom, the combination with means for supporting war threads so as to form a curved surface, of means for producing a shed in such warp, and an annular needle adapted to enter said shed and lay weft thread therein, said needle having a gap, and a point adjacent such gap, said point having an eye, and the body of the needle having a circumferential groove around which the weft thread passes on its way to said eye.

8. In a loom, the combination with means for supporting warp threads and forming a shed, of a fixed reel. and a needle adapted to lay weft thread from said reel in such shed, said needle being Hat and extended in a direction parallel with the warp threads, and relatively thin in a direction at right angles thereto, so as to easily enter the shed, and having a thread deli ery eye opening out through its edge.

9. In a loom, the combination with means for supporting warp threads and forming a shed, of a fixed reel. a needle adapted to enter the shed. means for moving said needle transversely of the warp so as to cause it to lay weft thread from said reel in such shed. and means for moving the needle longitudinally of the warp so as to drive the weft threads together.

10. In a loom, the combination of means for supporting warp threads around a'circlr lar frame, and forming a shed therein, of a fixed reel, an annular needle provided with a point adapted to enter the shed and havin an eye through which weft thread is delivcred from said reel, means for oscillatin said needle so as to cause it to lay we t threads across the warp in such shed, and means for shifting said needle longitudinally of the warp so as to cause it to beat up the weft threads into position.

11. In a loom, the combination with means for supporting 'arp threads and forming a shed, of a fixed reel, a needle ada ted to enter the shed, means for moving sai needle in a fixed plane transversely of the warp so as to cause it to lay weft thread from said reel. in. such shed, means for shifting the needle longitudinally of the warp so as to beat up the weft thread into the fell of the fabric, and automatic means for returnin the needle to normal position after eac such beating stroke.

l2. In a loom for weavihg fabrics C-shaped in cross-section, the combination with means for supporting warp threads to form a curved surface, of means for forming a. shed, a pairof movable detents disposed one adjacent each edge of such warp, a curved oscillatory needle for laying weft thread back and forth through the shed and looping it around such detents, and means for moving said detents to withdraw them from the loops thus formed.

13. In a loom for weaving fabrics C- shaped in cross-section, the combination with means for supporting warp threads to define a curved surface, of means for forming a shed, a moveable detent disposed adjacent one side of such warp, a curved oscillatory needle for laying weft thread back and forth through the shed and looping it around said detent, such Weft thread forming a true sclvage edge at the other side of the warp, and means for automatically moving said detcnt to Withdraw it from the successive loops thus formed.

14. In a loom for weaving circular fabrics, the combination with means for supporting warp thruids to define a curved surface, of means for forming a shed, a movable detent adjacent such war a curved oscillator needle for laying weft thread back and forth through the shed and looping it around said detent, and means for automatically moving said detent to cause it to cast off the loops thus formed.

15. In a loom, for weaving curved fabrics, a hcddle comprising a plurality .of radially disposed rods arranged around the arc of a circle and having thread receiving eyes, means for simultaneously shifting all and of said rods in two groups alternately radially inward and outward to form the shed.

16. In a 100111 for weavingcurve d fabrics,

frame, said form bein a heddle comprising a plurality of radially disposed rods having thread receiving eyes intermediate their ends aranged around the arc of a circle, the outer ends of said rods being free, a guide frame through which such free ends of the rods loosely slide, and means attacheclto the inner ends of said rods for shifting them simultaneously radiallv inward or outward.

17. n a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the combination with a curved frame around which the warp threads are supported, of a a similarly curved oscillatory needle adapted to lay weft threads in a fixed plane around said frame and cross the warp, and a centrally pivoted segmental annular form having one end in position to receive the woven fabric as it comes from such frame, said needle and frame lying in a plane substantially radial to the pivotal axis of said form.

18. In a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the combination with a curved frame around which ,the warp threads are supported, of means for laying weft threads in a fixed plane around said frame and across the warp, and a segmental annular form having one end in pgsition to receive the woven fabric as it comes from such frame, said frame lying in a plane substantially radial to the center of curvature of said form.

19. In a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the combination with a curved frame around which the fabric is woven, of a segmental annular form having one end in osition to receive the fabric as it comes rom such frame, said form being pivotally supported on a central axis.

20. In a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the combination with a curved frame around which the fabric is woven, of a segment l annular form having one end in position to receive the fabric as it comes from such pivotally supported on a central axis, an means for moving such form about its axis in a direction away from said circular frame.

which the fabric is woven,

21. In a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the combination with a curved frame around which the fabric is woven, 0 mental annular form having one end in posl 1 receive the fabric as it comes from such frame, said form having a series of pins adapted to engage the edge of the fabric, and being pivota ly supported on a central axis.

22. In a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the combination with a curved frame around which the fabric is woven, of a segmental annular pivoted form having one end in position to receive the fabric as it comes from said frame, and a thin, fixed curved shield bridging the gap between said frame and form, and overlying the latter.

23. In a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the-combination with means for supporting warp threads, and mechanism for laying weft threads transversely across the same, of a segmental annular pivoted form in posi tion to receive the fabric as it is woven, and a thin, fixed, curved shield bridging the gap between the weaving mechanism and said form, and overlying the latter.

24. In a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the combination with a curved frame around of a fixed shield attached to and conforming to the shape of said frame, and also curved longitudinally, said shield serving to support the woven fabric as it comes from said frame.

25. In a loom for weaving curved fabrics, the combination with a frame around which the fabric is woven, of an arc-shaped fixed support having one end in position to receive the fabric as it comes from such frame, and means for gradually feeding the fabric circumferentially along such arc-shaped support.

EMANUEL INGHAM.

Witnesses:

-CHARLES F. HERDEL,

ONA D. Herons. 

